DYSENTERY.
BACILLARY DYSENTERY. This infection of the large intestine is caused by bacteria of the shigella group. The severity of the condition depends on the organisms involved. It…
TYPHOID FEVER.
This type of enteritis is caused by the bacterium salmonella typhi,ingested in contaminated food and water. As human are it’s only host,it is acquired from an…
ÀPPENDICITIS.
The lumen of the appendix is very small and there is little room for swelling when it becomes inflamed. The initial cause of inflammation is…
PEPTIC ULCERATION.
Ulceration involves the full thickness of the gastrointestinal mucosa. It is caused by disruption of the normal balance between the corrosive effect of gastric juice…
ACUTE GASTRITIS
This is usually a response to irritant drugs or alcohol. The drugs most commonly implicated are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including aspirin,even at low doses,although many…
PROLAPSED INTERVERTEBRAL DISC.
This is the most common cause of compression of the spinal cord/or nerve roots. The vertebral bodies are separated by the intervertebral disc,each consisting of…
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS.
Pathogenic organisms(usually bacteria or fungi) in the blood may colonise any part of the endocardium,but the most common sites are on near the heart valves…
HEART(CARDIAC)FAILURE.
The heart is described as failing when the cardiac output is unable to maintain the circulation of sufficient blood to meet the needs of the body. In…
EDEMA/OEDEMA.
In oedema,excess tissue fluid accumulates,causing swelling. It may occur either in superficial tissues or deeper organs. SITES OF OEDEMA. When oedema is present in the…
VÀRICOSE VEINS.
A varicose vein is one that is so dilated that the valves do not close to prevent backward flow of blood. Such veins lose their…
GIGANTISM AND ACROMEGALY.
The most common cause is prolonged hypersecretion of growth hormone(GH),usually by a hormone-secreting pituitary tumour. The conditions are only occasionally due to excess growth hormone…
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS DISEASE.
In this disease there are areas of demyelinated white matter,called plaques,irregularly distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord. Grey matter in the brain and spinal…
HYDROCEPHALUS.
In this condition the volume of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) is abnormally high and is usually accompanied by increased intracranial pressure(ICP). An obstruction to CSF flow is…
SPINA BIFIDA ABNORMALITY.
This is a congenital malformation of the embryonic neural tube and spinal cord. The vertebral(neural) arches are absent and the dura mater is abnormal,most commonly…
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATY OF THE NERVES.
This is a group of diseases of peripheral nerves not associated with inflammation. They are classified as: Polyneuropathy: several nerves are affected. Mono neuropathy: a…
CEREBRAL HYPOXIA.
Hypoxia may be due to: Disturbances in the autoregulation of blood supply to the brain. Conditions affecting cerebral blood vessels. When the main blood pressure…
INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.
This is a serious complication of many conditions that affect the brain. The cranial forms a rigid cavity enclosing; the brain,the cerebral blood vessels and…
SPLENOMEGALY DISORDER.
This is enlargement of the spleen,and is usually secondary to other conditions,eg.infections,circulatory disorder,blood diseases,malignant neoplasms. INFECTIONS. The spleen may be infected by blood-borne microbes or…
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT.
This is also known as ‘hole in the heart’. Before birth,most oxygenated blood from the placenta enters the left atrium from the right atrium through…
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.
The heart rate is normally determined by intrinsic impulses generated in the SA node. The rhythm is determined by the route of impulse transmission through…
LYMPHOMAS.
These are malignant tumours of lymphoid tissue and are classified as either Hodgkin’s or non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. HODGKIN’S DISEASE. In this disease there is progressive,painless enlargement…
LYMPHADENITIS.
Acute lymphadenitis(acute infection of lymph nodes)is usually caused by microbes transported in lymph from other areas of infection. The nodes become inflamed,enlarged and congested with…
HEART BLOCK.
Heart block occurs when normal impulse transmission is blocked or impaired. A common form involves obstruction of impulse transmission through the AV node, but conducting…
What is rheumatic heart disease.
Rhematic fever is an inflammatory illness that sometimes follows streptococcal throat infections,most commonly in children and young adults. It is an autoimmune disorder; the antibodies…
Myocardial infarction.
The myocardium may infart when a branch of a coronary artery is blocked. The commonest cause is an atheromatous plague complicated by thrombosis. The extent…
ANGIOMAS IN BLOOD AND LYMPH VESSELS.
Angiomas are benign tumours of either blood vessels(haemangiomas) or lymph vessels(lymphangiomas). The latter rarely occur, so angioma is usually taken to mean haemangioma. Haemangiomas. These are…
Aneurysms in arteries.
Aneurysms are abnormal local dilations of arteries,which vary considerably in size. Predisposing factors include atheroma,hypertension and defective formation of collagen in the arterial wall. COMPLICATIONS…
ARTERIOSSCLEROSIS.
This is a progressive degeneration of arterial walls,associated with ageing and accompanied by hypertension. In large and medium-sized arteries,the tunica media is infiltrated with fibrous…
ATHEROMA IN BLOOD VESSEL PATHOLOGY.
ATHEROMA. Pathological changes. Atheromatous plagues are patchy changes that develop in the tunica intima of large and medium-sized arteries. Initial changes show a fatty streak…
Thrombus formation
The risk of a thrombus developing within a blood vessel is increased by any condition that slows blood flow,damages the smooth intimal lining of blood…
Understanding blood pressure.
Blood pressure is the force or pressure that the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels. Systemic arterial blood pressure maintains the essential…
CERVICAL CARCINOMA.
Dysplastic changes,referred to as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN) begin in the deepest layer of the cervical epithelium,usually at the junction of the stratified squamous epithelium of…
OSTEOARTHRITIS.
This is a degenerative non-inflammatory disease that results in pain and restricted movement of affected joints. OSTEOARTHRITIS is the more appropriate name but less commonly…
POLYARTHRITIS.
Polyartritis means inflammation of more than one joint. This group of autoimmune inflammatory arthritic diseases has many characteristics similar to rheumatoid arthritis but the rheumatoid…
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.
This is a chronic progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease mainly affecting peripheral synovial joints. It is a systematic disorder in which inflammatory changes affect not only…
OSTEOPOROSIS.
In this condition,bone density( the amount of bone tissue) is reduced because it’s deposition does not keep pace with resorption. Although the bone is adequately…
HYPERSENSITIVITY(ALLERY)
Allergy is powerful immune response to an antigen (allergen). The allergen itself is usually harmless (eg. house dust,animal dander,grass pollen). It is therefore usually the…
ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS.
This is the most common cause of acute renal failure. There is severe damage to the tubular epithelial cells caused by ischaemia or,less often,by nephrotoxic…
RENAL CALCULI.
Calculi(stones) form in the kidneys and bladder when urinary constituents normally in solution are precipitated. The solutes involved are usually oxalates and phosphates. Most originated…
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE.
This occurs when the renal reserve is lost and there is irreversible damage of nephrons. Onset is usually slow and asymptomatic,progressing over several years. The…
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME.
This is not a disease in itself but is an important feature of several kidney diseases. The main characteristics are: Marked proteinuria. Hypoalbuminemia. Generalised oedema….
GLOMERULONEPHRITES(GN)
This term suggests inflammatory conditions of the glomerulus, but there are several types of GN and inflammatory changes are not always present. In many cases…
LIVER FAILURE.
This occurs when liver function is markedly impaired. It can be acute or chronic and may be the outcome of a wide variety of disorders,eg,…
COLORECTAL CANCER
This is the most common malignancy of the alimentary tract and as a cause of cancer related death is second only to lung cancer. The…
LUNG COLLAPSE
The clinical effects of collapse of all part of a lung depend on how much of the lung is affected. Fairly large sections of a…
ADDISON’S DISEASE.
This is due to hyposecretion of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones. The most common causes are development of autoantibodies to cortical cells,metastatic tumours and infections. Autoimmune…
TUBERCULOSIS
This infection is caused by one of two similar forms of mycobacteria,the main one being mycobacterium tuberculosis. Humans are the main host. The microbes cause…
DIABETES MELLITUS
This is the most common endocrine disorder and usually occurs when there is deficiency or absence of insulin or rarely impairment of insulin activity. Varying…
BRONCHIAL CARCINOMA
Primary bronchial carcinoma is a very common malignancy. The vast majority of cases in smokers and or those who inhale other people’s smoke( passive smokers)….
CYSTIC FIBROSIS.
This is one of the most common genetic diseases. Almost 5% of people carry the abnormal recessive gene which must be present in both parents…
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS LUNG DIORGER
Chronic bronchitis is a common disorder that becomes increasingly debilitating as it progresses. It is defined when an individual has had a cough with sputum…
JAUDICE AND ITS TYPES
Jaudice is not a disease in itself,but yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes is a sign of abnormal bilirubin metabolism and excretion. Bilirubin is…
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PRE ECLAMPSIA
Pre eclampsia is a serious medical condition that occur about midway through pregnancy (after 20 weeks ). People with pre eclampsia experience high blood…
DIARRHOEAL DISEASE
Diarrhoea can last several days and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival.In the past ,for most people,severe…
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
Also known as H.pylori It occurs when the helicobacter pylori bacteria infect your stomach .H.pylori is a common type of bacteria that grows in the…
Why private health insurance is the smart choice
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South Sudan faces deadly cholera outbreak, funding shortfalls threaten response
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GONORRHOEA
Gonorrhoea is a preventable and curable sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium (Neisseria gonorrhoea),which is primarily transmitted through vaginal,oral or anal sex.Gonorrhoea is a…
DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (DEPRESSION)
Depression is a common mental disorder.It involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long period of time . Depression…
HYPERTENSION
Hypertension (high blood pressure)is when the pressure in yiur blood vessel is too high (140/90mmhg or higher).It is common but can be serious if not…
HEALTHY DIET
A healthy diet helps to protect against malnutrition in all it’s forms,as well as non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including diabetes ,heart disease,stroke and cancer. Unhealthy diet…
10 Foods That Improve Brain Function & Memory
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7 Morning Habits That Will Change Your Life
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Could peripheral neuropathy be stopped before it starts?
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