DYSENTERY.
BACILLARY DYSENTERY. This infection of the large intestine is caused by bacteria of the shigella group. The severity of the condition depends on the organisms involved. It is usually a relatively mild…
TYPHOID FEVER.
This type of enteritis is caused by the bacterium salmonella typhi,ingested in contaminated food and water. As human are it's only host,it is acquired from an individual who is either suffering…
ÀPPENDICITIS.
The lumen of the appendix is very small and there is little room for swelling when it becomes inflamed. The initial cause of inflammation is not always clear. Microbial infection…
PEPTIC ULCERATION.
Ulceration involves the full thickness of the gastrointestinal mucosa. It is caused by disruption of the normal balance between the corrosive effect of gastric juice and the protective effect of…
ACUTE GASTRITIS
This is usually a response to irritant drugs or alcohol. The drugs most commonly implicated are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including aspirin,even at low doses,although many others may also be involved.…
PROLAPSED INTERVERTEBRAL DISC.
This is the most common cause of compression of the spinal cord/or nerve roots. The vertebral bodies are separated by the intervertebral disc,each consisting of an outer rim of cartilage,the annulus…
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS.
Pathogenic organisms(usually bacteria or fungi) in the blood may colonise any part of the endocardium,but the most common sites are on near the heart valves and round the margins of…
HEART(CARDIAC)FAILURE.
The heart is described as failing when the cardiac output is unable to maintain the circulation of sufficient blood to meet the needs of the body. In mild cases,cardiac output is adequate…
EDEMA/OEDEMA.
In oedema,excess tissue fluid accumulates,causing swelling. It may occur either in superficial tissues or deeper organs. SITES OF OEDEMA. When oedema is present in the superficial tissues,pitting of the surface may…
VÀRICOSE VEINS.
A varicose vein is one that is so dilated that the valves do not close to prevent backward flow of blood. Such veins lose their elasticity,become elongated and tortuous,and fibrous…
GIGANTISM AND ACROMEGALY.
The most common cause is prolonged hypersecretion of growth hormone(GH),usually by a hormone-secreting pituitary tumour. The conditions are only occasionally due to excess growth hormone releasing hormone(GHRH) secreted by the…
CYSTITIS.
This is inflammation of the bladder and may be due to: Upward spread of microbes that are commensals of the bowel from the perineum via the urethra,especially in women. Trauma,with…
GLAUCOMA.
This is a group of conditions in which intraocular pressure rises due to impaired drainage of aqueous fluid through the scleral venous sinus(canal of Schlemm) in the angle between the…
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS DISEASE.
In this disease there are areas of demyelinated white matter,called plaques,irregularly distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord. Grey matter in the brain and spinal cord may also be affected…
HYDROCEPHALUS.
In this condition the volume of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) is abnormally high and is usually accompanied by increased intracranial pressure(ICP). An obstruction to CSF flow is the most common cause. It…
SPINA BIFIDA ABNORMALITY.
This is a congenital malformation of the embryonic neural tube and spinal cord. The vertebral(neural) arches are absent and the dura mater is abnormal,most commonly in the lumbosacral region. The…
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATY OF THE NERVES.
This is a group of diseases of peripheral nerves not associated with inflammation. They are classified as: Polyneuropathy: several nerves are affected. Mono neuropathy: a single nerve is usually affected.…
CEREBRAL HYPOXIA.
Hypoxia may be due to: Disturbances in the autoregulation of blood supply to the brain. Conditions affecting cerebral blood vessels. When the main blood pressure falls below about 60 mmHg,the…
INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.
This is a serious complication of many conditions that affect the brain. The cranial forms a rigid cavity enclosing; the brain,the cerebral blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF). An increase in…
SPLENOMEGALY DISORDER.
This is enlargement of the spleen,and is usually secondary to other conditions,eg.infections,circulatory disorder,blood diseases,malignant neoplasms. INFECTIONS. The spleen may be infected by blood-borne microbes or by local spread of infections.…
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT.
This is also known as 'hole in the heart'. Before birth,most oxygenated blood from the placenta enters the left atrium from the right atrium through the foramen ovale in the septum.…
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.
The heart rate is normally determined by intrinsic impulses generated in the SA node. The rhythm is determined by the route of impulse transmission through the conducting system. The heart…
LYMPHOMAS.
These are malignant tumours of lymphoid tissue and are classified as either Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. HODGKIN'S DISEASE. In this disease there is progressive,painless enlargement of lymph nodes throughout the…
LYMPHADENITIS.
Acute lymphadenitis(acute infection of lymph nodes)is usually caused by microbes transported in lymph from other areas of infection. The nodes become inflamed,enlarged and congested with blood,and chemotaxis attracts large numbers…
HEART BLOCK.
Heart block occurs when normal impulse transmission is blocked or impaired. A common form involves obstruction of impulse transmission through the AV node, but conducting tissue in the atrial or…
What is rheumatic heart disease.
Rhematic fever is an inflammatory illness that sometimes follows streptococcal throat infections,most commonly in children and young adults. It is an autoimmune disorder; the antibodies produced to combat the original…
Myocardial infarction.
The myocardium may infart when a branch of a coronary artery is blocked. The commonest cause is an atheromatous plague complicated by thrombosis. The extent of myocardial damage depends on…
ANGIOMAS IN BLOOD AND LYMPH VESSELS.
Angiomas are benign tumours of either blood vessels(haemangiomas) or lymph vessels(lymphangiomas). The latter rarely occur, so angioma is usually taken to mean haemangioma. Haemangiomas. These are not true tumours,but are sufficiently…
Aneurysms in arteries.
Aneurysms are abnormal local dilations of arteries,which vary considerably in size. Predisposing factors include atheroma,hypertension and defective formation of collagen in the arterial wall. COMPLICATIONS OF ANEURYSM. If an aneurysm…
ARTERIOSSCLEROSIS.
This is a progressive degeneration of arterial walls,associated with ageing and accompanied by hypertension. In large and medium-sized arteries,the tunica media is infiltrated with fibrous tissue and calcium. This causes…
ATHEROMA IN BLOOD VESSEL PATHOLOGY.
ATHEROMA. Pathological changes. Atheromatous plagues are patchy changes that develop in the tunica intima of large and medium-sized arteries. Initial changes show a fatty streak in the artery wall. Mature…
Thrombus formation
The risk of a thrombus developing within a blood vessel is increased by any condition that slows blood flow,damages the smooth intimal lining of blood vessels or increases blood coagulability.…
PULSE.
The pulse is a wave of distension and elongation felt in an artery each time the left ventricle ejects blood into the system. Each contraction of the left ventricle forces…
Understanding blood pressure.
Blood pressure is the force or pressure that the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels. Systemic arterial blood pressure maintains the essential flow of blood into and…
CERVICAL CARCINOMA.
Dysplastic changes,referred to as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN) begin in the deepest layer of the cervical epithelium,usually at the junction of the stratified squamous epithelium of the lower third of the…
GOUT
This condition is more prevalent in males than females and there is a familial tendency. It is caused by the deposition of sodium urate crystals in joints and tendons,provoking an…
OSTEOARTHRITIS.
This is a degenerative non-inflammatory disease that results in pain and restricted movement of affected joints. OSTEOARTHRITIS is the more appropriate name but less commonly used. In it's early stages,it's…
POLYARTHRITIS.
Polyartritis means inflammation of more than one joint. This group of autoimmune inflammatory arthritic diseases has many characteristics similar to rheumatoid arthritis but the rheumatoid factor is absent. The changes…
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.
This is a chronic progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease mainly affecting peripheral synovial joints. It is a systematic disorder in which inflammatory changes affect not only joints but also many other…
OSTEOPOROSIS.
In this condition,bone density( the amount of bone tissue) is reduced because it's deposition does not keep pace with resorption. Although the bone is adequately mineralised,it is fragile and microscopically…
HYPERSENSITIVITY(ALLERY)
Allergy is powerful immune response to an antigen (allergen). The allergen itself is usually harmless (eg. house dust,animal dander,grass pollen). It is therefore usually the immune response that causes damage…
CYSTITIS.
This is inflammation of the bladder and may be due to: Upward spread of microbes that are commensals of the bowel from the perineum via the urethra,especially in women. Trauma,with…
ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS.
This is the most common cause of acute renal failure. There is severe damage to the tubular epithelial cells caused by ischaemia or,less often,by nephrotoxic substances. There is reduced glomerular…
RENAL CALCULI.
Calculi(stones) form in the kidneys and bladder when urinary constituents normally in solution are precipitated. The solutes involved are usually oxalates and phosphates. Most originated in the collecting tubules or…
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE.
This occurs when the renal reserve is lost and there is irreversible damage of nephrons. Onset is usually slow and asymptomatic,progressing over several years. The main causes are diabetes mellitus,glomerulonephritis …
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME.
This is not a disease in itself but is an important feature of several kidney diseases. The main characteristics are: Marked proteinuria. Hypoalbuminemia. Generalised oedema. Hyperlipidemia. When glomeruli are damaged,the…
GLOMERULONEPHRITES(GN)
This term suggests inflammatory conditions of the glomerulus, but there are several types of GN and inflammatory changes are not always present. In many cases immune complexes damage the glomeruli.…
LIVER FAILURE.
This occurs when liver function is markedly impaired. It can be acute or chronic and may be the outcome of a wide variety of disorders,eg, Acute viral hepatitis. Extensive necrosis…
HERNIAS
A hernia is a protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through a weak point or aperture in the surrounding structures. In those affecting the digestive system, a…
COLORECTAL CANCER
This is the most common malignancy of the alimentary tract and as a cause of cancer related death is second only to lung cancer. The tumours are adenocarcinomas with about…
LUNG COLLAPSE
The clinical effects of collapse of all part of a lung depend on how much of the lung is affected. Fairly large sections of a single lung can be out…
ADDISON’S DISEASE.
This is due to hyposecretion of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones. The most common causes are development of autoantibodies to cortical cells,metastatic tumours and infections. Autoimmune disease of some other glands…
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia means infection of the alveoli. This occurs when protective processes fail to prevent inhaled or blood- borne microbes reaching and colonising the lungs. PREDISPOSING FACTORS. IMPAIRED COUGHING: Coughing is…
Emphysema
PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA. This usually develops as a result of long- term inflammatory conditions of irritation of the airways, eg in smokers or coal miners. Occasionally,it may be due to a…
TUBERCULOSIS
This infection is caused by one of two similar forms of mycobacteria,the main one being mycobacterium tuberculosis. Humans are the main host. The microbes cause pulmonary tuberculosis and are spread…
ASTHMA
Asthma is a common inflammatory disease of the airways associated with episodes of reversible over-reactivity of the airway smooth muscle. The mucous membranes and muscle layers of the bronchi become…
DIABETES MELLITUS
This is the most common endocrine disorder and usually occurs when there is deficiency or absence of insulin or rarely impairment of insulin activity. Varying degrees of disruption of carbohydrate…
BRONCHIAL CARCINOMA
Primary bronchial carcinoma is a very common malignancy. The vast majority of cases in smokers and or those who inhale other people's smoke( passive smokers). Other risk factors include exposure…
CYSTIC FIBROSIS.
This is one of the most common genetic diseases. Almost 5% of people carry the abnormal recessive gene which must be present in both parents to cause the disease. The…
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS LUNG DIORGER
Chronic bronchitis is a common disorder that becomes increasingly debilitating as it progresses. It is defined when an individual has had a cough with sputum for 3 months in 2…
JAUDICE AND ITS TYPES
Jaudice is not a disease in itself,but yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes is a sign of abnormal bilirubin metabolism and excretion. Bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of…
SHOCK
This occurs when the metabolic needs of cells are not being met because of inadequate blood flow. In effect,there is a reduction in circulatory blood volume in blood pressure and…
Over 3,500 people get free oral health care in Mars Wrigley, KDA outreach
NAIROBI, KENYA-MARCH, 20, 2025—Over 3,500 people across three different counties benefited from free dental services during a four-day dental outreach organised by Mars Wrigley, the Kenya Dental Association (KDA) and…
EMOTIONAL PAIN
Emotional pain is a complex issue impacting mental and physical health.Emotional pain is a type of distress that's linked not a physical cause but rather to deeply distressing feelings…
4 Simple Things You Should Do Before Bed for Quality Sleep
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10 Small Changes You Should Make for a Healthier Lifestyle
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5 Things You Should Do Every Morning for a Healthier Life
5 Things You Should Do Every Morning for a Healthier Life Mornings set the tone for the rest of the day, and the habits you cultivate during this time…
6 Habits You Should Avoid for Better Well-being
6 Habits You Should Avoid for Better Well-being Your daily habits shape your long-term health. While good habits promote wellness, bad ones can silently harm your body over time.…
PRE ECLAMPSIA
Pre eclampsia is a serious medical condition that occur about midway through pregnancy (after 20 weeks ). People with pre eclampsia experience high blood pressure, protein in their pee,swelling…
DIARRHOEAL DISEASE
Diarrhoea can last several days and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival.In the past ,for most people,severe dehydration and fluid loss were…
PNEUMONIA
Is a form of acute respiratory infection that is most commonly caused by viruses or bacteria . Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs .The…
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
Also known as H.pylori It occurs when the helicobacter pylori bacteria infect your stomach .H.pylori is a common type of bacteria that grows in the digestive tract and tends to…
ARTHRITIS
Gout is a painful condition caused by excess uric acid in the body. It's characterized by sudden ,severe attack of pain ,swelling ,redness and tenderness in one or more joints…
[A photo of a happy family. March, 05, 2025].
Why private health insurance is the smart choice
NAIROBI, KENYA-MARCH, 5TH, 2025— In Kenya, the spirit of Harambee, pulling together to support one another is deeply embedded in our culture. Whether in villages or urban centres, it is…
CHICKEN POX
Chicken pox ,also called varicella ,is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella - zooster virus .This virus is a member of the herpes virus family ,and humans are…
DIABETES
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces . Insulin is…
Gut Health 101: Why Your Digestive System Holds the Key to Well-Being
Gut Health 101: Why Your Digestive System Holds the Key to Well-Being Your gut is home to trillions of bacteria that affect digestion, immunity, and even mood. When your…
The Best Morning Routine for a Healthier, More Productive Day
The Best Morning Routine for a Healthier, More Productive Day How you start your morning sets the tone for your entire day. Instead of hitting snooze and rushing out…
Hydration Matters: How Drinking Water Transforms Your Health
Hydration Matters: How Drinking Water Transforms Your Health Water is the most underrated health booster. Your body is about 60% water, and every system depends on it. Yet, many…
Why a Good Night’s Sleep is More Important Than You Think
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Boost Your Immune System Naturally with These Superfoods
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The Hidden Dangers of Processed Foods – What You Need to Know
The Hidden Dangers of Processed Foods – What You Need to Know Processed foods are everywhere—snacks, frozen meals, fast food, and even “healthy” products. While they may be convenient,…
10 Everyday Habits That Secretly Harm Your Health
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[A make-shift cholera treatment centre in South Sudan. Photo/courtesy/CARE/February, 27, 2025].
South Sudan faces deadly cholera outbreak, funding shortfalls threaten response
JUBA, SOUTH SUDAN – 27 FEB 2025 –South Sudan is facing an alarming cholera outbreak, with over 26,800 infections and 455 deaths across 39 counties in eight states. The crisis…
GONORRHOEA
Gonorrhoea is a preventable and curable sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium (Neisseria gonorrhoea),which is primarily transmitted through vaginal,oral or anal sex.Gonorrhoea is a common sexually transmitted infection caused…
SYPHILIS
Syphilis is a preventable and curable bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI).If untreated,it can cause serious health issues .Many people with syphilis do not have symptoms or do not notice them.…
DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (DEPRESSION)
Depression is a common mental disorder.It involves a depressed mood or loss of pleasure or interest in activities for long period of time . Depression is different from regular mood…
HYPERTENSION
Hypertension (high blood pressure)is when the pressure in yiur blood vessel is too high (140/90mmhg or higher).It is common but can be serious if not treated . People with high…
HEALTHY DIET
A healthy diet helps to protect against malnutrition in all it's forms,as well as non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including diabetes ,heart disease,stroke and cancer. Unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity…
10 Foods That Improve Brain Function & Memory
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7 Morning Habits That Will Change Your Life
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8 Signs Your Body is Dehydrated (Even If You Don’t Feel Thirsty!)
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5 Sleep Mistakes That Are Ruining Your Health
5 Sleep Mistakes That Are Ruining Your Health Are you struggling with poor sleep, waking up groggy, or feeling drained even after 8 hours in bed? The problem might…
5 Health Benefits of Velvet Tamarind
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7 Reasons Why Juicing May Not Be as Healthy as You Think
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The Impact of Cancer: A Personal Reflection
I wish to address a particularly distressing reality regarding cancer, a disease that has affected my life profoundly through the loss of four close relatives. Recently, my sister's colleague…
10 Foods That Help Fight Inflammation
10 Foods That Help Fight Inflammation Inflammation is the body's natural response to injury and infection, but chronic inflammation can contribute to serious health issues like heart disease, arthritis, and…
WHO launches groundbreaking Ebola vaccination trial in Uganda
The World Health Organization (WHO), in partnership with Uganda’s Ministry of Health and global health partners, has initiated the first-ever clinical trial for a vaccine targeting the Sudan species of…
Could peripheral neuropathy be stopped before it starts?
An increase in high-fat, high-fructose foods in people’s diets has contributed to a dramatic increase in type 2 diabetes. This, in turn, has led to an increase in peripheral neuropathy…
Dr Oriol Dols and Esther Álvarez-Sánchez, researchers in the Neurobiology of Dementias group and Memory Unit at IR Sant Pau
IR Sant Pau study reveals immune system’s crucial role in ALS at cellular level
A team of researchers from the Sant Pau Research Institute (IR Sant Pau) has published a study in the Journal of Neuroinflammation that, for the first time, examines in depth…
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